Philosophy

An Overview of Philosophy

The purpose of this philosophy article is to create a guide to important philosophical ideas spanning time, ideas, and peoples. It is both an introductory and advanced page for persons interested in any of the ideas of philosophy, and while at the moment it may be missing a couple of features, it is up to those fluent in these philosophical books to insert and revise information as the need may arise.

Classic Philosophy

Pre-Socratic Thought

Title	Author*	Year**	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Art and Thought of Heraclitus	Charles H. Kahn	~500BCE	372
Early Greek Philosophy	Johnathan Barnes	~700BCE - ~300BCE	336
Empedocles: The Extant Fragments	M.R. Wright	~450BCE	372
The Greek Sophists	John Dillon	~400s BCE	464
Parmenides of Elea	David Gallop	~500BCE	144
The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library	Kenneth Guthrie	~500sBCE	362
Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments	James Lesher	~540 - ~480BCE	272

Socratic Thought

Title	Author*	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Trial of Socrates	I.F. Stone	~399BCE	304
The Clouds	Aristophanes	~423BCE	212

Platonic Thought

Title	Author*	Year**	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Plato	Constance Meinwald	2009	256
Plato and the Socratic Dialogue	Charles H. Kahn	1998	456
The Open Society and Its Enemies	Karl Popper	1945	744
Plato on Knowledge and Forms	Gail Fine	2003	464
Apology	Plato	~399BCE	127	Plato's recording of the trial of Socrates.
Republic	Plato	~380BCE	480
Plato's Complete Works	Plato	~400BCE - ~348BCE	1808	Complete collection of all of Plato's works from Crito to The Laws. Anyone interested in acquiring all of Plato's works should either get this or check out Project Gutenberg's page on him.
Symposium	Plato	~383BCE	144

Aristotlean Thought

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Aristotle	Christopher Shields	2007	472
From Aristotle to Augustine	David Furley	2003	480
Aristotle on Nature and Living Things	Allan Gotthelf	1985	410
The Nicomachean Ethics	Aristotle	350 BCE	320
Rhetoric	Aristotle	~350BCE	146
Metaphysics	Aristotle	~350BCE	365
Poetics	Aristotle	~350BCE	58
Politics	Aristotle	~350BCE	188

Cynicism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Cynics: The Cynic Movement in Antiquity and Its Legacy	R. Bracht Branham	2000	465
Diogenes of Sinope: A Study of Greek Cynicism	Farrand Sayre	1938	139

Epicureanism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Cambridge Companion to Epicureanism	James Warren	2009	356
The Essential Epicurus	Epicurus	~300BCE	101
The Nature of Things	Lucretius	50 BCE	336

Stoicism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Letters from a Stoic	Seneca	~65AD	254
Epictetus - Discourses and Selected Writings	Epictetus	~101AD	304
Meditations	Marcus Aurelius	~175AD	108

Skepticism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Greek Skeptics: From Pyrrho to Sextus	Norman Maccoll	1868	58	Can be found on Google Books here.
The Outlines of Pyrrhonism	Sextus Empiricus	~200AD	283

Neoplatanism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Neoplatonism	R.T. Wallis	1995	212
Neoplatanism and Gnosticism	R.T. Wallis	1992	548
The Neoplatonists	John Gregory	1998	208

Plotinus

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Enneads	Plotinus	250AD	484

Christian and Medieval Philosophies

Gnostic Christianity

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Ancient Gnosticism: Traditions and Literature	Birger A. Pearson	2007	362
The Nag Hammadi Library		~300AD	549
Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt	Birger A. Pearson	2004	320

St. Augustine

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
St. Augustine of Hippo	Peter Brown	2000	576
On Christian Doctrine	St. Augustine	~400AD	158
Confessions	St. Augustine	~398AD	352
City of God	St. Augustine	~436AD	804

On Tertullian

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study	Timothy David Barnes	1985	340

Scholasticism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Scholasticism	Josef Piper	2001	192
Philosophy in the Middle Ages	Arthur Hyman	1978	724
The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy	Norman Kretzmann	1988	1056
A History of Jewish Philosophies in the Middle Ages	Colette Sirat	1990	485
The Aristotle Adventure	Burgess Laughlin	1995	243
Aristotle's Children	Richard E. Rubenstein	2004	384

St. Anselm

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape	R.W. Southern	1992	524
Monologion and Proslogion	St. Anselm	~1078	192

Thomas Aquinas

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Christian Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas	Etienne Gilson	1994	502
St. Thomas Aquinas	Ralph McInerny	1989	197
Guide to Thomas Aquinas	Josef Piper	1991	181
The Summa Theologica	Thomas Aquinas	1273	3020
Selected Writings	Thomas Aquinas	1270s	450

William of Ockham

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Philosophical Writings	Ockham	~1323	167
The Cambridge Companion to Ockham	Paul Vincent Spade	1999	440

Erasmus

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Desiderius Erasmus: The Praise of Folly and Other Writings	Erasmus	1511	352

Martin Luther

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther	Roland Herbert Bainton	1950	441
Concerning Christian Liberty	Martin Luther	1520s	42
The Bondage of the Will	Martin Luther	1525	264
On The Jews and Their Lies	Martin Luther	1543	70

Calvinism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Institutes of the Christian Religion	John Calvin	1536	1059
The History and Character of Calvinism	J.T. McNeill	1967	480

Modern Philosophy

General

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy	C.B. Schmitt	1991	922
The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Philosophy	James Hankins	2007	452
Renaissance Thought and the Arts	Paul Oskar Kristeller	1980	248
Enlightening the World	Philipp Blom	2005	416
Diderot: A Critical Biography	P.N. Furbank	2008	550
France in the Enlightenment	Daniel Roche	2000	736
The Copernican Revolution	Thomas S. Kuhn	1992	320

Rationalism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Courtier and the Heretic	Matthew Stewart	2007	352
Philosophers at War	Alfred Rupert Hall	2002	356
The Renaissance and 17th Century Rationalism	G.H.R. Parkinson	2003	480

Descartes

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Receptions of Descartes	Tad M. Schmaltz	2005	272
Meditations on First Philosophy	Rene Descartes	1641	110
Discourse on Method	Rene Descartes	1637	44

Baruch Spinoza

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Spinoza	Michael Della Rocca	2008	360
Ethics	Spinoza	1677	208
Tractatus Theologico	Spinoza	1670	315

Leibniz

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Leibniz	Nicholas Jolley	2005	272
The Monadology	Leibniz	1714	34
Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God	Leibniz	1710	294
Candide	Voltaire	1759	176

Empiricism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
British Philosophy and the Age of Enlightenment	Stuart Brown	2003	440
British Empiricism & American Pragmatism	Robert Roth	1993	205

John Locke

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Locke	E.J. Lowe	2005	240
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding	John Locke	1690	212
A Letter Concerning Toleration	John Locke	1689	64
Two Treatises of Government	John Locke	1689	174

David Hume

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
A Progress of Sentiments	Annette C. Baier	1991	352
Death & Character: Further Reflection on Hume	Annette C. Baier	2008	304
Hume's Problem: Induction and the Justification of Belief	Colin Howson	2003	272
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding	David Hume	1748	96
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals	David Hume	1751	96
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	David Hume	1776	338

George Berkeley

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man	David Berman	1996	248
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge	George Berkeley	1710	80
The Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous	George Berkeley	1713	98

Overview of Political Philosophy

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
A History of Political Thought: From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance	Janet Coleman	2000	320
Enlightenment Political Thought and Non-Western Societies	Frederick G. Whelan	2009	242

Machiavelli

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Thoughts on Machiavelli	Leo Strauss	1995	348
The Prince	Machiavelli	1513	166

Hobbes

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Descriprion	Book Cover
Hobbes: A Biography	A.P. Martinich	2007	424
The Logic of Leviathan	Gauthier	2001	217
Reason and Rhetoric in the Philosophy of Hobbes	Quentin Skinner	1997	496
Leviathan	Thomas Hobbes	2009	576

Milton

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
How Milton Works	Stanley Eugene Fish	2003	640
Areopagitica	John Milton	1644	32
Paradise Lost	John Milton	1667	512

Rousseau

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
On the Social Contract	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1762	108
The Confessions	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1769	608
Discourse on the Arts and Sciences	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1750	126
Emile, or On Education	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1762	464
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality among Men	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1754	92
Essay on the Origin of Lanugages and Writings Related to Music	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	1781	658

Adam Smith

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Wealth of Nations	Adam Smith	1776	482
The Theory of Moral Sentiments	Adam Smith	1759	196

David Ricardo

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation	David Ricardo	1817	498

Malthus

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
An Essay on the Principle of Population	Thomas Malthus	1798	208

John Stuart Mill

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Utilitarianism	John Stuart Mills	1861	64
On Liberty	John Stuart Mills	1859	106
Principles of Political Economy	John Stuart Mills	1848	512

Hegel

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Young Hegelians: An Anthology	Lawrence S. Stepelevich	1997	429
Hegel	Charles Taylor	1977	596
The Cambridge Companion to Hegel	Frederick C. Beiser	1993	530
Hegel: A Very Short Introduction	Peter Singer	2001	152
On Art, Religion, and the History of Philosophy	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	1825	324
Lectures on the Philosophy of World History	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	1837	292
Phenomenology of Spirit	Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel	1807	595

Proudhon

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
What is Property?	P.J. Proudhon	1840	368

Karl Marx

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Karl Marx: A Life	Francis Wheen	2001	448
Reading Capital Politically	Harry Cleaver	2000	192
Essays on Marx' Theory of Value	Isaac I. Rubin	2007	280
Das Kapital	Karl Marx	1867	372	Note: Most Accessible version is Capital: An Abridged Version by David McLellan
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844	Karl Marx	1844	208
Communist Manifesto	Karl Marx	1848	70

Darwin

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Discovery of Evolution	David Young	2007	352
Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life	Daniel C. Dennett	1996	586
Darwin's Ghost	Steve Jones	2001	377
Evolution's Rainbow	Joan Roughgarden	2009	488
Evidence and Evolution: The Logic Behind the Science	Elliot Sober	2008	412
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior	Elliot Sober	1999	416
Macachiavellion Intelligence: How Rhesus Macacques and Humans have Conquered the World	Dario Maestripieri	2007	192
In Search of Human Nature	Carl N. Degler	1992	416
Voyage of the Beagle	Charles Darwin	1839	216
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection	Charles Darwin	1859	512
The Descent of Man	Charles Darwin	1871	528

Scientific Revolution

The Rise

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Beginnings of Western Science	David C. Lindberg	1992	480
The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe	Valerie I. J. Flint	1994	472
Magic in the Middle Ages	Richard Kieckhefer	2000	236
Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition	Francis A. Yates	1964	480
The Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age	Francis A. Yates	1979	264
Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization	Danny Ethus Burton	2003	390
The Scientific Revolution	Steven Shapin	1998	232
Leviathan and the Air Pump	Steven Shapin	1985	456
Never Pure	Steven Shapin	2010	568
The Emergence of a Scientific Culture	Stephen Gaukroger	2006	576
The Cambridge History of Science Volume 3: Early Modern Science	Katharine Park	2002	894
The Cambridge History of Science Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century	Roy Porter	2003	942
The Fabric of the Heavens	Stephen Toulmin	1999	294
The Architecture of Matter	Stephen Toulmin	1982	404
The Discovery of Time	Stephen Toulmin	1982	280
The Mind of God and the Works of Man	Edward Craig	1997	368

Bacon

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The New Organon	Francis Bacon	1620	234
Essays	Francis Bacon	1597	224

Pascal

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Fearful Sphere of Pascal	Jorge Luis Borges	1962	4	The essay can be found here.
Pénsees	Blaise Pacal	1669	216

Kant

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Invention of Autonomy	J.B. Schneewind	1997	650
Kant	Paul Guyer	2006	456
Knowledge, Reason, and Taste	Paul Guyer	2008	288
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics	Immanuel Kant	1783	160
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals	Immanuel Kant	1785	110
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?	Immanuel Kant	1784	144
Critique of Practical Reason	Immanuel Kant	1788	168
Critique of Pure Reason	Immanuel Kant	1781	784
Critique of Judgement	Immanuel Kant	1790	222

German Idealism

Overview

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
German Idealism: The Struggle Against Subjectivism	Frederick Beiser	2008	752
German Philosophy 1760-1860: The Legacy of Idealism	Terry Pinkard	2002	392
German Idealist Philosophy	Various	Various	368

Fichte

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Foundations of Natural Right	Johann Gottliebe Fichte	1797	380

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Friedrich Schleiermacher (The Making of Modern Theology)	Friedrich Schleiermacher	1991	282
Hermeneutics and Criticism, and other Writings	Friedrich Schleiermacher	1838	328

Pessimism

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Conspiracy Against the Human Race	Thomas Ligotti	2010	246

Schelling

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom	Friedrich Schelling	1809	183

Schopenhauer

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Essays and Apharisms	Arthur Schopenhauer	~1851	240
On the Basis of Morality	Arthur Schopenhauer	1840	226
The World as Will and Representation	Arthur Schopenhauer	1844	1259

Feuerbach

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
The Essence of Christianity	Ludwig Feuerbach	1841	363

Early Existentialism

Kierkegaard

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Kierkegaard: The Indirect Communication	Roger Poole	1993	340
Fear and Trembling	Søren Kierkegaard	1843	108
Repetition	Søren Kierkegaard	1843	~100
The Sickness Unto Death	Søren Kierkegaard	1849	192
The Concept of Anxiety	Søren Kierkegaard	1844	294

Nietzsche

Title	Author	Year	Pages	Description	Book Cover
Nietzsche, Genealogy, History	Michael Foucault	1977	14	The essay may be found here.
Nietzsche's New Darwinism	John Richardson	2004	304
Nietzsche: The Man and his Philosophy	R.J. Hollingdale	2001	288
The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism	Bernard Reginster	2006	336
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense	Friedrich Nietzsche	1873	26
The Anti-Christ	Friedrich Nietzsche	1895	86
The Birth of Tragedy	Friedrich Nietzsche	1872	160
The Gay Science	Friedrich Nietzsche	1882	174
Beyond Good and Evil	Friedrich Nietzsche	1886	140
On the Genealogy of Morals	Friedrich Nietzsche	1887	176
Thus Spoke Zarathustra	Friedrich Nietzsche	1885

External Links

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics/
http://www.heraclitusfragments.com
http://history.hanover.edu/texts/presoc
-Emp.htm = Emptedocle' fragments
-Xenophan.html = Xenophanes' Fragments
-Parmends.html = Parmenides Fragments